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WAYS TO SCORE RUNS Runs off the bat (1, 2, 3)
The most common way of scoring runs is by either batsman hitting the ball and then running between the wickets.
The two batsmen have to change ends, each grounding their bat beyond the crease at the end that they are running to.
If in the process of turning to go for another run either batsman fails to ground his bat then a ‘run short’ is signalled by the umpire.
This knocks a run off the score and is signalled by the umpire touching one shoulder with the hand of the same arm.
 Four Runs
A delivery that is hit to the boundary, either along the ground or bouncing at least once before crossing the rope, produces four runs for the batting side.
The four is signalled by the umpire waving an arm from side to side, finishing with the arm across the chest.
 Six Runs
A six is the maximum number of runs that can be scored from one ball.
It is scored when a batsman hits the ball over the boundary rope without the ball bouncing in the field before the boundary.
The umpire signals a six by outsretching both arms above his head.
 No-Ball
There are several types of no-ball, all of which result in an extra ball being bowled.
The most common one is the foot-fault when a bowler over-steps the popping crease (It is not required for a part of the bowler's foot to touch the ground behind the line, if his heel is lifted of the ground but behind the line, it is not a no-ball). Another form of no-ball would be having the back foot wider than the return crease when delivering.
If a bowler bowls too many intimidating deliveries in one over, he can also be no-balled, so for example three short-pitched deliveries rising above the batsman's shoulders would see the third called a no-ball.
The penalty for a no-ball is one run, and the ball must be bowled again. Any runs scored from the delivery also count The no-ball is recorded as an extra, runs scored from the delivery count towards the batsman. (If a batsman hits a four off the delivery, it counts as five runs to the score).
A 'no-ball' is signalled by an arm raised at shoulder height.
 Byes
A bye is called when a legal delivery passes the stumps without the ball touching either the bat or the batsman's body, and runs are taken by the batsman (or the ball goes through to the boundary).
The number of byes scored obviously depends on the number of runs taken.
The signal is one arm stretched high above the body.
 Leg Byes
Leg byes are scored when the ball hits the body of the batsman but not the bat, and runs are taken. The ball does not necessarily have to touch the leg to be called a leg bye - it can be any part of the body, except the hand holding the bat (the hand and glove are considered to be part of the bat). The player must try to play a shot, or no leg byes may be taken. Just padding away the ball without playing a shot means that a leg bye can not be taken.
Leg byes are recorded as extras.
Umpires signal a leg bye with a hand touching their raised knee.
 Wides
A wide is called by an umpire when the delivery is out of the reach of the batsman and he is unable to play a correct cricket shot.
Umpires are much stricter on wides in the one-day game, particularly with any bowling down the leg side, although at junior level, Umpires tend to allow the bowler much more room for error.
The penalty is one run, with another delivery added to that over. Wides count in the extras column.
The Umpire signals a wide with both arms outstretched.
 Penalty Runs
The option to award five penalty runs is a new law that has been brought into the game.
They can be awarded by the umpire in instances such as illegal fielding, time-wasting and fielders damaging the pitch, though warnings would be given first. Penalty runs could be awarded without warning for things like unfairly changing the condition of the ball. They are treated like extras.
The umpire signals five penalty runs by bringing one arm across his chest and touching his shoulder.
If he taps that shoulder, the penalty runs are awarded to the batting side. If he simply places the hand there, runs are given to the fielding team.
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